Miguel Mariñoso
18/02/23
Mediante este artículo pretendo llevar a cabo una aproximación a la realidad del suicidio desde una perspectiva marxista, partiendo de la obra Sobre el suicidio publicada por la editorial El Viejo Topo, que recoge escritos de juventud de Karl Marx al respecto.
Émile Durkheim, sociólogo y pedagogo francés de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, quien dedicaría buena parte de sus investigaciones al suicidio, lo definiría como:
Todo caso de muerte que resulte, directa o indirectamente, de un acto, positivo o negativo, realizado por la víctima misma, a sabiendas del resultado. (…) Hay suicidio cuando la víctima, en el momento en que realiza el acto que debe poner fin a su vida, sabe con toda certeza lo que sería normal que pasara.1
Marx –anterior a Durkheim– toma como referencia para analizar esta cuestión las memorias de Jacques Peuchet, personaje político de segunda línea que fue artista, abogado, economista, estadístico y archivero de la policía en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX. En 1845, basándose en el capítulo LVIII de dichas memorias, escribe un ensayo, durante su exilio en Bruselas. Este texto destaca entre otras cosas por tratarse de la única vez que Marx aborda la opresión de género y la tiranía de la familia burguesa, estructurándose en torno a la opresión de la mujer en Francia.
Comienza su ensayo considerando el suicidio como el síntoma de un vicio constitutivo de la sociedad moderna; el suicidio como tragedia de la vida íntima es un síntoma de una lucha social de la que muchas se retiran cansadas porque se saben siempre víctimas.
A partir de los datos de Peuchet en su faceta de estadístico, Marx refleja aspectos anómalos contradictorios de la vida moderna, de la existencia bajo el capital, de la alienación que lleva al suicidio y que afecta a todas las clases sociales y en todo tipo de relaciones humanas. Habla de pulsiones que han sobrevivido a la Revolución francesa, que empujan a las más débiles y dignas a quitarse la vida como única salida desesperada.
El filósofo alemán –en sintonía con Peuchet– realiza una crítica a la vida burguesa, describe la alienación y el distanciamiento de los seres humanos y propone como remedio el objetivo liberador del comunismo.
Pero la misma existencia del suicidio es una abierta protesta contra los Decretos indescifrables. Nos hablan de nuestros deberes para con la sociedad, sin que, mientras tanto, nuestros derechos en relación a esa sociedad hayan sido efectivamente definidos y establecidos; y finalmente se termina por exaltar el mérito mil veces mayor de dominar el dolor que el de sucumbir a él, un triste mérito de una triste perspectiva. Brevemente, se hace del suicidio un acto de cobardía, un crimen contra las leyes y el honor. ¿Cómo se explica que a pesar de tantos anatemas, el hombre se mate? Es que la sangre no corre del mismo modo en las venas de las personas desesperadas que en la sangre de los seres fríos, que se entregan en el tiempo libre a proferir estériles razonamientos.2
Según nos muestran las últimas estadísticas, en el Estado español cada día se quitan la vida una media de diez personas, alcanzando más de tres mil fallecidas al año; lo que convierte el suicidio en la principal causa de muerte, llegando a los ochocientos mil suicidios consumados3 cada año en todo el mundo. Obviando todos los suicidios no consumados (que no dejan de haber sido una muerte en potencia) y la manipulación de estadísticas que señalan las organizaciones por la prevención del suicidio, verbi gratia no incluyendo las muertes en carretera, el suicidio sigue doblando el porcentaje letal de los accidentes de tráfico o la violencia machista.
¿Y qué hacemos como sociedad ante estas cifras alarmantes? En lugar de seguir el consejo que reitera la OMS y el conjunto del gremio de la psicología, quienes recomiendan un proceso de normalización paulatino pero continuo, optamos por la opción más cómoda: mantener los tabúes y evitar tocar el tema en público, especialmente con niñas y adolescentes. Algo también contradictorio con el constante incremento de suicidios en menores de dieciocho años. Probablemente el mayor reto al que nos enfrentamos sea conseguir acabar con el mito del «efecto llamada» y concienciarnos de que abordar el suicidio desde la pedagogía no genera más muertes, sino que puede ser la única herramienta que permita evitarlas.
Desde una posición materialista, asumiendo la naturaleza social que nos hace formar parte del común en una vida que no comprende la actuación individual, forjada en base a la reciprocidad de «de cada cual según su capacidad a cada cual según su necesidad», sería necesario abandonar la idea de suicidio como acto soberano, respaldado por la autodeterminación de todo sujeto. De este modo no se puede obviar el papel indispensable que el conjunto de la sociedad desempeña en cada suicidio –consumado o no–, desde la creación de las condiciones que llevan a él hasta su ejecución.
Comprobamos la proliferación de organizaciones, estudios estadísticos y documentales de periódicos y multinacionales que únicamente alimentan el «fetichismo» ya generado en torno al suicidio, pero nada similar a una acción real capaz de hacerle frente. Al analizar estos datos podemos llegar a conclusiones terribles como que la vida no vale nada mientras prevalezca la rentabilidad económica del suicidio en una sociedad donde el sistema capitalista ha hecho mella; y esto es algo que no debemos aceptar. Lo que sí hemos de sacar en limpio de esta realidad, es que no podemos contar con supuestas ayudas externas, esperando una implicación caritativa absoluta y sincera. Su ineficacia ya está probada y el precio que conlleva es inasumible.
La única solución reside en asumir que somos cómplices activas y víctimas al mismo tiempo, asimilando el sufrimiento en comunidad, desde la solidaridad y los cuidados.
_____________________________________________________________________________
1 Émile Durkheim, El suicidio [1897], Akal, Madrid, 2018, pp. 14-15.
2 Karl Marx, Sobre el suicidio [1846], El Viejo Topo, Barcelona, 2012, p. 64.
3 Se denomina suicidio consumado a aquel que tiene como consecuencia la muerte del sujeto. Un suicidio no consumado sería entonces lo correspondiente al término tradicional «intento de suicidio».
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